In Japanese Kanji, what is the difference between On'yomi (音読み) and Kun'yomi (訓読み), and when is each typically used?

On'yomi (音読み) is the Sino-Japanese reading adapted from historical Chinese pronunciation, commonly used in multi-kanji compound words (熟語, jukugo) such as 水道 (suidō) or 山脈 (sanmyaku), as well as some standalone words (e.g., 本 hon, 駅 eki). Kun'yomi (訓読み) is the native Japanese reading typically used for standalone kanji or kanji with hiragana okurigana (e.g., 水 mizu, 山 yama, 食べる taberu), plus certain native compounds (e.g., 手紙 tegami, 入口 iriguchi).

In JLPT N5/N4, what is the grammatical difference between the topic marker は (wa) and the subject marker が (ga)?

は (wa) marks the overarching discourse topic ('as for X...'), known information, or a contrast between two items. が (ga) identifies the specific grammatical subject of an action/state, introduces new or unknown information, follows question words as subjects (誰が来ますか — Who is coming?), and marks objects of ability/desire/liking (日本語がわかる, 寿司が好きだ).

Distinguish the three categories of Japanese Keigo (敬語): 丁寧語 (Teineigo), 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo), and 謙譲語 (Kenjougo), including the Uchi-Soto (内・外) rule.

丁寧語 (Teineigo: です/ます, ご/お prefixes) is polite speech directed to the listener. 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo) elevates the subject's actions/belongings and is used for superiors, clients, and out-group (外, soto) people. 謙譲語 (Kenjougo) humbles the actor's own actions to elevate the recipient and is used for oneself AND for one's own company/family in-group (内, uchi—even one's own company president!) when speaking to an outside client.

What are the productive regular formulas for converting a normal verb into 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo) vs 謙譲語 (Kenjougo)?

For 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo): 1. お + Verb Masu-stem + になる (お読みになる, お待ちになる; or ご + Sino-Japanese Noun + になる, e.g., ご利用になる), or 2. Passive form ～(ら)れる (読まれる, 来られる). For 謙譲語 (Kenjougo): お + Verb Masu-stem + する / いたす (お持ちする, ご案内いたします — for Sino-Japanese する nouns, use ご + Noun + する/いたす; per Bunkachō guidelines, ～する humbles actions directed toward a respected recipient [謙譲語I], while ～いたす also adds formal refinement toward the listener [丁重語]).

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Nível	Frente (Pergunta / Termo)	Verso (Resposta / Explicação)
`basic`	In Japanese Kanji, what is the difference between On'yomi (音読み) and Kun'yomi (訓読み), and when is each typically used?	On'yomi (音読み) is the Sino-Japanese reading adapted from historical Chinese pronunciation, commonly used in multi-kanji compound words (熟語, jukugo) such as 水道 (suidō) or 山脈 (sanmyaku), as well as some standalone words (e.g., 本 hon, 駅 eki). Kun'yomi (訓読み) is the native Japanese reading typically used for standalone kanji or kanji with hiragana okurigana (e.g., 水 mizu, 山 yama, 食べる taberu), plus certain native compounds (e.g., 手紙 tegami, 入口 iriguchi).
`basic`	In JLPT N5/N4, what is the grammatical difference between the topic marker は (wa) and the subject marker が (ga)?	は (wa) marks the overarching discourse topic ('as for X...'), known information, or a contrast between two items. が (ga) identifies the specific grammatical subject of an action/state, introduces new or unknown information, follows question words as subjects (誰が来ますか — Who is coming?), and marks objects of ability/desire/liking (日本語がわかる, 寿司が好きだ).
`basic`	Distinguish the three categories of Japanese Keigo (敬語): 丁寧語 (Teineigo), 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo), and 謙譲語 (Kenjougo), including the Uchi-Soto (内・外) rule.	丁寧語 (Teineigo: です/ます, ご/お prefixes) is polite speech directed to the listener. 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo) elevates the subject's actions/belongings and is used for superiors, clients, and out-group (外, soto) people. 謙譲語 (Kenjougo) humbles the actor's own actions to elevate the recipient and is used for oneself AND for one's own company/family in-group (内, uchi—even one's own company president!) when speaking to an outside client.
`basic`	What are the productive regular formulas for converting a normal verb into 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo) vs 謙譲語 (Kenjougo)?	For 尊敬語 (Sonkeigo): 1. お + Verb Masu-stem + になる (お読みになる, お待ちになる; or ご + Sino-Japanese Noun + になる, e.g., ご利用になる), or 2. Passive form ～(ら)れる (読まれる, 来られる). For 謙譲語 (Kenjougo): お + Verb Masu-stem + する / いたす (お持ちする, ご案内いたします — for Sino-Japanese する nouns, use ご + Noun + する/いたす; per Bunkachō guidelines, ～する humbles actions directed toward a respected recipient [謙譲語I], while ～いたす also adds formal refinement toward the listener [丁重語]).

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