How do biological enzymes accelerate metabolic chemical reactions?

Enzymes act as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy (Ea) required to reach the transition state, without altering the equilibrium constant or the overall change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG).

What does the induced-fit model describe regarding enzyme-substrate interactions?

Substrate binding induces a conformational change in the enzyme active site that aligns catalytic residues precisely around the substrate, stabilizing the transition state.

How did the Meselson-Stahl experiment verify the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?

By culturing E. coli in heavy 15N medium and shifting to light 14N medium, CsCl density-gradient centrifugation showed a single intermediate hybrid (15N/14N) DNA band after one generation (ruling out conservative replication) and equal intermediate (15N/14N) and light (14N/14N) bands after two generations (ruling out dispersive replication).

What is the function of topoisomerase (gyrase) during DNA replication?

Topoisomerase cleaves and rejoins the phosphodiester backbone ahead of the replication fork to relieve severe torsional strain and supercoiling caused by helicase unwinding.

What structural role do dendrites play in neuronal communication?

Dendrites are branching extensions of the neuron cell body that receive incoming chemical signals from neighboring presynaptic axon terminals via neurotransmitter receptor proteins.

How is the resting membrane potential (-70 mV) maintained in a neuron?

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump continuously expels 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions imported, while potassium leak channels allow K+ to diffuse down its concentration gradient outward.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, what were the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?

Meat powder was the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) eliciting innate salivation (UCR); pairing with a bell turned the bell into a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) eliciting learned salivation (CR).

What describes extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the UCS, weakening the CR; spontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period.

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3. Exemplos de Flashcards de Alto Rendimento (AP Biology, AP Chemistry & AP Psychology)

Nível	Frente (Pergunta / Termo)	Verso (Resposta / Explicação)
`basic`	How do biological enzymes accelerate metabolic chemical reactions?	Enzymes act as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy (Ea) required to reach the transition state, without altering the equilibrium constant or the overall change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG).
`basic`	What does the induced-fit model describe regarding enzyme-substrate interactions?	Substrate binding induces a conformational change in the enzyme active site that aligns catalytic residues precisely around the substrate, stabilizing the transition state.
`basic`	How did the Meselson-Stahl experiment verify the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?	By culturing E. coli in heavy 15N medium and shifting to light 14N medium, CsCl density-gradient centrifugation showed a single intermediate hybrid (15N/14N) DNA band after one generation (ruling out conservative replication) and equal intermediate (15N/14N) and light (14N/14N) bands after two generations (ruling out dispersive replication).
`basic`	What is the function of topoisomerase (gyrase) during DNA replication?	Topoisomerase cleaves and rejoins the phosphodiester backbone ahead of the replication fork to relieve severe torsional strain and supercoiling caused by helicase unwinding.
`intermediate`	What defines a thermodynamic state function compared to a path-dependent function?	A state function (such as enthalpy H, entropy S, or internal energy U) depends solely on the initial and final states of the system, independent of the reaction pathway, unlike path functions like heat (q) and work (w).
`intermediate`	According to IUPAC chemical sign conventions, what do positive values for heat (q) and work (w) indicate?	Positive q indicates heat absorbed by the system from the surroundings (endothermic), and positive w indicates work done on the system by the surroundings.
`intermediate`	How is the average reaction rate defined with respect to reactant concentration over time?	Rate = -Δ[Reactant] / (a * Δt), where 'a' represents the stoichiometric coefficient; the negative sign ensures the reaction rate is expressed as a positive quantity.
`intermediate`	How can the reaction orders in a rate law Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n be determined experimentally?	For an overall chemical reaction, reaction orders (m and n) cannot be assumed from overall stoichiometric coefficients (unlike for a single elementary step, whose rate law follows its molecularity); overall reaction orders must be determined experimentally using initial-rate data or integrated rate law plots.
`advanced`	What structural role do dendrites play in neuronal communication?	Dendrites are branching extensions of the neuron cell body that receive incoming chemical signals from neighboring presynaptic axon terminals via neurotransmitter receptor proteins.
`advanced`	How is the resting membrane potential (-70 mV) maintained in a neuron?	The Na+/K+ ATPase pump continuously expels 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions imported, while potassium leak channels allow K+ to diffuse down its concentration gradient outward.
`advanced`	In Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, what were the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?	Meat powder was the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) eliciting innate salivation (UCR); pairing with a bell turned the bell into a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) eliciting learned salivation (CR).
`advanced`	What describes extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?	Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the UCS, weakening the CR; spontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period.

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Comece com 20 a 32 novos cartões por dia (1 conjunto) mais as revisões diárias.

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