UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography: Freedom Struggle, RBI Monetary Policy & Ecology

1857 Revolt, INC sessions, Gandhian movements, Government of India Acts 1909/1919/1935, RBI monetary policy tools, FRBM Act, Biosphere reserves, and Indian drainage/climate.

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basic
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UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography: Freedom Struggle, RBI Monetary Policy & Ecology (.md)

Flashcards (32)

#Front (Term / Question)Back (Definition / Answer)ExampleMultiple-Choice Options
1What are the statutory targets and escape clause provisions of the FRBM Act, 2003 as amended following the N.K. Singh Committee (2017)?The FRBM Act targets reducing General Government Debt-to-GDP to 60% (40% Centre + 20% States). The N.K. Singh Committee introduced an 'Escape Clause' permitting the Centre to deviate from the annual fiscal deficit target by up to 0.5% of GDP during war, national calamities, agricultural collapse, or major structural reforms.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • 1. Vishnuprayag: Alaknanda + Dhauliganga; 2. Nandaprayag: Alaknanda + Nandakini; 3. Karnaprayag: Alaknanda + Pindar; 4. Rudraprayag: Alaknanda + Mandakini (originating near Kedarnath); 5. Devprayag:…
  • In-situ conservation protects species inside their natural habitats: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, and Sacred Groves (Khasi hills in Meghalaya, Orans in Rajasthan).
  • The FRBM Act targets reducing General Government Debt-to-GDP to 60% (40% Centre + 20% States). The N.K. Singh Committee introduced an 'Escape Clause' permitting the Centre to deviate from the annual fiscal deficit target by up to 0.5% of GDP during war, national calamities, agricultural collapse, or major structural reforms.
  • Act of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims and appointed the first Indian (S.P.
2What were the key institutional changes enacted by the Charter Act of 1833 and the Charter Act of 1853?Charter Act 1833 ended East India Company's commercial monopoly completely (including China and tea trade), elevated the Governor-General of Bengal (Lord Bentinck) to Governor-General of India, and added a Law Member (Macaulay). Charter Act 1853 separated legislative and executive functions and introduced open ICS exams.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Charter Act 1833 ended East India Company's commercial monopoly completely (including China and tea trade), elevated the Governor-General of Bengal (Lord Bentinck) to Governor-General of India, and added a Law Member (Macaulay). Charter Act 1853 separated legislative and executive functions and introduced open ICS exams.
  • The Rowlatt Act (March 1919) authorized detention without trial for up to 2 years and suspended habeas corpus.
  • The FRBM Act targets reducing General Government Debt-to-GDP to 60% (40% Centre + 20% States).
  • 1. Nilgiri (2000, first); 2. Gulf of Mannar; 3. Sundarbans; 4. Nanda Devi; 5. Nokrek (Meghalaya); 6. Pachmarhi (MP); 7. Simlipal (Odisha); 8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak; 9. Great Nicobar; 10. Agasthyamala…
3Highlight the landmark early sessions of the Indian National Congress (1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1906, 1907, 1916, 1917, 1924, 1925).1885 Bombay (W.C. Bonnerjee); 1886 Calcutta (Dadabhai Naoroji); 1887 Madras (Badruddin Tyabji, 1st Muslim); 1888 Allahabad (George Yule, 1st European); 1906 Calcutta (Naoroji, Swaraj); 1907 Surat Split (Rash Behari Ghosh); 1916 Lucknow Pact (A.C. Mazumdar); 1917 Calcutta (Annie Besant); 1924 Belgaum (Gandhi); 1925 Kanpur (Sarojini Naidu).High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Drafted under Motilal Nehru, the Nehru Report (1928) demanded Dominion Status, joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities, and 19 Fundamental Rights.
  • 1885 Bombay (W.C. Bonnerjee); 1886 Calcutta (Dadabhai Naoroji); 1887 Madras (Badruddin Tyabji, 1st Muslim); 1888 Allahabad (George Yule, 1st European); 1906 Calcutta (Naoroji, Swaraj); 1907 Surat Split (Rash Behari Ghosh); 1916 Lucknow Pact (A.C. Mazumdar); 1917 Calcutta (Annie Besant); 1924 Belgaum (Gandhi); 1925 Kanpur (Sarojini Naidu).
  • The Twin Balance Sheet crisis involved over-leveraged corporate borrowers unable to service debt alongside banks burdened with Non-Performing Assets (NPAs).
  • Tiger Reserves are notified by States on the binding recommendation of the statutory National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA under Section 38V WPA 1972) with an inviolate Core/Critical Tiger Habitat…
4Why does the Tamil Nadu (Coromandel) coast receive maximum rainfall during October–December rather than during the June–September SW Monsoon?During the June–September SW Monsoon, the Coromandel coast lies in the rain-shadow of the Western Ghats for the Arabian Sea branch and runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch. During October–December (Retreating/NE Monsoon), northeasterly winds pick up moisture over the Bay of Bengal and strike the coast orthogonally.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Tiger Reserves are notified by States on the binding recommendation of the statutory National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA under Section 38V WPA 1972) with an inviolate Core/Critical Tiger Habitat…
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Atmiya Sabha (1815), Brahmo Sabha (1828), Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali), Mirat-ul-Akbar (Persian).
  • Nominal GDP uses current market prices, whereas Real GDP uses constant base-year prices (2011–12).
  • During the June–September SW Monsoon, the Coromandel coast lies in the rain-shadow of the Western Ghats for the Arabian Sea branch and runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch. During October–December (Retreating/NE Monsoon), northeasterly winds pick up moisture over the Bay of Bengal and strike the coast orthogonally.
5What are the four Schedule categories under the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 and what happened to the 'Vermin' schedule?The 2022 Amendment rationalized the earlier 6 schedules into 4 Schedules: Schedule I (animal species with highest protection, e.g., Tiger, Elephant, Great Indian Bustard); Schedule II (animal species with lesser protection); Schedule III (protected plant species); and Schedule IV (CITES Appendix specimens). The 'Vermin' schedule was abolished.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • 1. Reach 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030; 2. Meet 50% of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030; 3. Reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes…
  • The Rowlatt Act (March 1919) authorized detention without trial for up to 2 years and suspended habeas corpus.
  • The Twin Balance Sheet crisis involved over-leveraged corporate borrowers unable to service debt alongside banks burdened with Non-Performing Assets (NPAs).
  • The 2022 Amendment rationalized the earlier 6 schedules into 4 Schedules: Schedule I (animal species with highest protection, e.g., Tiger, Elephant, Great Indian Bustard); Schedule II (animal species with lesser protection); Schedule III (protected plant species); and Schedule IV (CITES Appendix specimens). The 'Vermin' schedule was abolished.
6Identify the socio-religious reform organizations and journals founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotirao Phule, and Dayananda Saraswati.Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Atmiya Sabha (1815), Brahmo Sabha (1828), Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali), Mirat-ul-Akbar (Persian). Jyotirao Phule: Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) and book Gulamgiri (dedicated to American abolitionists). Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Arya Samaj (1875, Bombay), Satyarth Prakash, and the Shuddhi movement.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • After Gandhi suspended Non-Cooperation post-Chauri Chaura (Feb 1922), C.R.
  • The Current Account records merchandise trade (visible goods), services (invisibles: IT exports, shipping, tourism), investment income (interest, dividends), and unilateral transfers (remittances).
  • The 2022 Amendment rationalized the earlier 6 schedules into 4 Schedules: Schedule I (animal species with highest protection, e.g., Tiger, Elephant, Great Indian Bustard); Schedule II (animal species with…
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Atmiya Sabha (1815), Brahmo Sabha (1828), Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali), Mirat-ul-Akbar (Persian). Jyotirao Phule: Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) and book Gulamgiri (dedicated to American abolitionists). Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Arya Samaj (1875, Bombay), Satyarth Prakash, and the Shuddhi movement.
7Distinguish between the Current Account and the Capital Account in India's Balance of Payments (BoP).The Current Account records merchandise trade (visible goods), services (invisibles: IT exports, shipping, tourism), investment income (interest, dividends), and unilateral transfers (remittances). The Capital Account records asset/liability flows: FDI, Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs), and NRI deposits.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Unlike east-flowing peninsular rivers that follow the south-east tilt of the Deccan plateau over soft alluvial plains, the Narmada (between Vindhya and Satpura ranges) and Tapi (south of Satpura) flow…
  • Core Zone: strictly protected ecosystem (National Park/Sanctuary) free from human interference except non-destructive monitoring.
  • The Rowlatt Act (March 1919) authorized detention without trial for up to 2 years and suspended habeas corpus.
  • The Current Account records merchandise trade (visible goods), services (invisibles: IT exports, shipping, tourism), investment income (interest, dividends), and unilateral transfers (remittances). The Capital Account records asset/liability flows: FDI, Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs), and NRI deposits.
8What were the regional salt satyagraha and parallel movements during the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–31)?Tamil Nadu: C. Rajagopalachari marched from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam; Malabar: K. Kelappan marched from Calicut to Payyanur; Dharasana Salt Works: Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb & Manilal Gandhi; NWFP: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan's Khudai Khidmatgars ('Red Shirts'); Manipur/Nagaland: Rani Gaidinliu; Bihar/Bengal: anti-Chaukidari tax.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • The FRBM Act targets reducing General Government Debt-to-GDP to 60% (40% Centre + 20% States).
  • Tamil Nadu: C. Rajagopalachari marched from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam; Malabar: K. Kelappan marched from Calicut to Payyanur; Dharasana Salt Works: Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb & Manilal Gandhi; NWFP: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan's Khudai Khidmatgars ('Red Shirts'); Manipur/Nagaland: Rani Gaidinliu; Bihar/Bengal: anti-Chaukidari tax.
  • A Positive IOD features warmer sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) relative to the eastern Indian Ocean (Sumatra/Java), enhancing cross-equatorial moisture transport toward…
  • Delhi: Bahadur Shah Zafar & General Bakht Khan (John Nicholson/Hudson); Kanpur: Nana Saheb & Tantia Tope (Sir Colin Campbell); Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal (Colin Campbell); Jhansi & Gwalior: Rani…
9Locate the five Prayags (confluences) of Uttarakhand that form the Ganga River at Devprayag.1. Vishnuprayag: Alaknanda + Dhauliganga; 2. Nandaprayag: Alaknanda + Nandakini; 3. Karnaprayag: Alaknanda + Pindar; 4. Rudraprayag: Alaknanda + Mandakini (originating near Kedarnath); 5. Devprayag: Alaknanda + Bhagirathi (originating from Gangotri/Gaumukh glacier), after which the combined mainstream is called the Ganga.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • 1. Nilgiri (2000, first); 2. Gulf of Mannar; 3. Sundarbans; 4. Nanda Devi; 5. Nokrek (Meghalaya); 6. Pachmarhi (MP); 7. Simlipal (Odisha); 8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak; 9. Great Nicobar; 10. Agasthyamala…
  • Delhi: Bahadur Shah Zafar & General Bakht Khan (John Nicholson/Hudson); Kanpur: Nana Saheb & Tantia Tope (Sir Colin Campbell); Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal (Colin Campbell); Jhansi & Gwalior: Rani…
  • 1. Vishnuprayag: Alaknanda + Dhauliganga; 2. Nandaprayag: Alaknanda + Nandakini; 3. Karnaprayag: Alaknanda + Pindar; 4. Rudraprayag: Alaknanda + Mandakini (originating near Kedarnath); 5. Devprayag: Alaknanda + Bhagirathi (originating from Gangotri/Gaumukh glacier), after which the combined mainstream is called the Ganga.
  • HRA (1924, Bismil, Sanyal, Ashfaqulla) executed the Kakori Train Action (Aug 1925).
10Contrast the Nehru Report (1928) and the Lahore Congress Session (December 1929) regarding India's constitutional goal.Drafted under Motilal Nehru, the Nehru Report (1928) demanded Dominion Status, joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities, and 19 Fundamental Rights. When Britain ignored the 1-year ultimatum, the Lahore Session (Dec 1929, President Jawaharlal Nehru) declared 'Purna Swaraj' and celebrated Jan 26, 1930 as Independence Day.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Drafted under Motilal Nehru, the Nehru Report (1928) demanded Dominion Status, joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities, and 19 Fundamental Rights. When Britain ignored the 1-year ultimatum, the Lahore Session (Dec 1929, President Jawaharlal Nehru) declared 'Purna Swaraj' and celebrated Jan 26, 1930 as Independence Day.
  • The Policy Repo Rate is the anchor rate at which RBI lends short-term liquidity to banks against G-Secs.
  • During the June–September SW Monsoon, the Coromandel coast lies in the rain-shadow of the Western Ghats for the Arabian Sea branch and runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch.
  • Tropical Evergreen (>200 cm rain, Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar, NE India: rosewood, mahogany, ebony).
11Contrast the statutory powers and habitat mechanisms of Tiger Reserves (NTCA), Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves.Tiger Reserves are notified by States on the binding recommendation of the statutory National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA under Section 38V WPA 1972) with an inviolate Core/Critical Tiger Habitat and Buffer Zone. Conservation Reserves (govt land) and Community Reserves (private/community land) act as wildlife corridors.High-yield exam verification (Section 38V WPA 1972): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Tropical Evergreen (>200 cm rain, Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar, NE India: rosewood, mahogany, ebony).
  • After Gandhi suspended Non-Cooperation post-Chauri Chaura (Feb 1922), C.R.
  • Tiger Reserves are notified by States on the binding recommendation of the statutory National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA under Section 38V WPA 1972) with an inviolate Core/Critical Tiger Habitat and Buffer Zone. Conservation Reserves (govt land) and Community Reserves (private/community land) act as wildlife corridors.
  • Recommended by the CACP for 22 mandated crops (plus FRP for sugarcane) and approved by the CCEA: A2 covers actual paid-out expenses (seeds, fertilizers, fuel, hired labour); A2+FL adds imputed value of…
12What are India's 'Panchamrit' climate commitments announced at UNFCCC COP26 (Glasgow) and updated in its NDC?1. Reach 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030; 2. Meet 50% of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030; 3. Reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030; 4. Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 (over 2005 levels); 5. Achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • 1885 Bombay (W.C. Bonnerjee); 1886 Calcutta (Dadabhai Naoroji); 1887 Madras (Badruddin Tyabji, 1st Muslim); 1888 Allahabad (George Yule, 1st European); 1906 Calcutta (Naoroji, Swaraj); 1907 Surat Split…
  • 1. August Offer (Linlithgow, Aug 1940); 2. Individual Satyagraha (Oct 1940—Vinoba Bhave 1st, Nehru 2nd, Brahma Dutt 3rd); 3. Cripps Mission (March 1942); 4. Quit India Movement (Aug 8, 1942); 5.…
  • During the June–September SW Monsoon, the Coromandel coast lies in the rain-shadow of the Western Ghats for the Arabian Sea branch and runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch.
  • 1. Reach 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030; 2. Meet 50% of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030; 3. Reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030; 4. Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 (over 2005 levels); 5. Achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070.
13How do Positive and Negative phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) interact with El Niño to influence the Indian Summer Monsoon?A Positive IOD features warmer sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) relative to the eastern Indian Ocean (Sumatra/Java), enhancing cross-equatorial moisture transport toward India and counteracting El Niño drought. A Negative IOD features warmer waters near Indonesia, suppressing Indian monsoon rainfall.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • In-situ conservation protects species inside their natural habitats: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, and Sacred Groves (Khasi hills in Meghalaya, Orans in Rajasthan).
  • A Positive IOD features warmer sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) relative to the eastern Indian Ocean (Sumatra/Java), enhancing cross-equatorial moisture transport toward India and counteracting El Niño drought. A Negative IOD features warmer waters near Indonesia, suppressing Indian monsoon rainfall.
  • 1885 Bombay (W.C. Bonnerjee); 1886 Calcutta (Dadabhai Naoroji); 1887 Madras (Badruddin Tyabji, 1st Muslim); 1888 Allahabad (George Yule, 1st European); 1906 Calcutta (Naoroji, Swaraj); 1907 Surat Split…
  • The Policy Repo Rate is the anchor rate at which RBI lends short-term liquidity to banks against G-Secs.
14Compare the Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) and the Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms).Act of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims and appointed the first Indian (S.P. Sinha) to the Viceroy's Executive Council. Act of 1919 introduced Dyarchy in provinces ('Transferred' vs 'Reserved' subjects), bicameralism at the Centre, and extended separate electorates to Sikhs, Christians, and Anglo-Indians.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Act of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims and appointed the first Indian (S.P. Sinha) to the Viceroy's Executive Council. Act of 1919 introduced Dyarchy in provinces ('Transferred' vs 'Reserved' subjects), bicameralism at the Centre, and extended separate electorates to Sikhs, Christians, and Anglo-Indians.
  • HRA (1924, Bismil, Sanyal, Ashfaqulla) executed the Kakori Train Action (Aug 1925).
  • Ganga Left-Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda.
  • Core Zone: strictly protected ecosystem (National Park/Sanctuary) free from human interference except non-destructive monitoring.
15Where are Karewa formations found in India and what is their geomorphic and agricultural significance?Karewas are thick lacustrine (lake-bed) and fluvio-glacial deposits of clay, sand, silt, and moraines in the Kashmir Valley (between the Pir Panjal range and the Great Himalayas). They are famous for the cultivation of Zafran (Kashmiri saffron), almonds, walnuts, and apples.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Karewas are thick lacustrine (lake-bed) and fluvio-glacial deposits of clay, sand, silt, and moraines in the Kashmir Valley (between the Pir Panjal range and the Great Himalayas). They are famous for the cultivation of Zafran (Kashmiri saffron), almonds, walnuts, and apples.
  • Core Zone: strictly protected ecosystem (National Park/Sanctuary) free from human interference except non-destructive monitoring.
  • Expounded in 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901) and 'England's Debt to India' (1867), Naoroji showed how Britain drained India's surplus via Home Charges, civil/military pensions, guaranteed…
  • The FRBM Act targets reducing General Government Debt-to-GDP to 60% (40% Centre + 20% States).
16What were the core provisions of the Rowlatt Act (1919), the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, and the Hunter Commission?The Rowlatt Act (March 1919) authorized detention without trial for up to 2 years and suspended habeas corpus. On April 13, 1919 (Baisakhi), Brig.-Gen. Dyer fired on an unarmed crowd at Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) protesting the arrest of Dr. Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal; Tagore renounced his Knighthood and the Hunter Commission inquired.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • The Rowlatt Act (March 1919) authorized detention without trial for up to 2 years and suspended habeas corpus. On April 13, 1919 (Baisakhi), Brig.-Gen. Dyer fired on an unarmed crowd at Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) protesting the arrest of Dr. Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal; Tagore renounced his Knighthood and the Hunter Commission inquired.
  • 1. August Offer (Linlithgow, Aug 1940); 2. Individual Satyagraha (Oct 1940—Vinoba Bhave 1st, Nehru 2nd, Brahma Dutt 3rd); 3. Cripps Mission (March 1942); 4. Quit India Movement (Aug 8, 1942); 5.…
  • 1. Vishnuprayag: Alaknanda + Dhauliganga; 2. Nandaprayag: Alaknanda + Nandakini; 3. Karnaprayag: Alaknanda + Pindar; 4. Rudraprayag: Alaknanda + Mandakini (originating near Kedarnath); 5. Devprayag:…
  • Major Iron Ore belts: Odisha-Jharkhand (Mayurbhanj, Singhbhum, Keonjhar), Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur (Bailadila), and Ballari-Chikkamagaluru (Kudremukh).
17What are the major iron ore and coal belts of India and why is most Indian coal classified as Gondwana Bituminous?Major Iron Ore belts: Odisha-Jharkhand (Mayurbhanj, Singhbhum, Keonjhar), Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur (Bailadila), and Ballari-Chikkamagaluru (Kudremukh). Over 98% of India's coal reserves are Gondwana (~250 million years old) in the Damodar, Son, Mahanadi, and Godavari valleys, characterized by low sulphur and high ash content.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Atmiya Sabha (1815), Brahmo Sabha (1828), Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali), Mirat-ul-Akbar (Persian).
  • HRA (1924, Bismil, Sanyal, Ashfaqulla) executed the Kakori Train Action (Aug 1925).
  • Unlike east-flowing peninsular rivers that follow the south-east tilt of the Deccan plateau over soft alluvial plains, the Narmada (between Vindhya and Satpura ranges) and Tapi (south of Satpura) flow…
  • Major Iron Ore belts: Odisha-Jharkhand (Mayurbhanj, Singhbhum, Keonjhar), Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur (Bailadila), and Ballari-Chikkamagaluru (Kudremukh). Over 98% of India's coal reserves are Gondwana (~250 million years old) in the Damodar, Son, Mahanadi, and Godavari valleys, characterized by low sulphur and high ash content.
18Explain the difference between In-situ and Ex-situ biodiversity conservation with key Indian examples.In-situ conservation protects species inside their natural habitats: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, and Sacred Groves (Khasi hills in Meghalaya, Orans in Rajasthan). Ex-situ conservation protects threatened species outside their natural habitat: Seed Banks, Botanical Gardens, Zoos, and Cryopreservation.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Delhi: Bahadur Shah Zafar & General Bakht Khan (John Nicholson/Hudson); Kanpur: Nana Saheb & Tantia Tope (Sir Colin Campbell); Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal (Colin Campbell); Jhansi & Gwalior: Rani…
  • In-situ conservation protects species inside their natural habitats: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, and Sacred Groves (Khasi hills in Meghalaya, Orans in Rajasthan). Ex-situ conservation protects threatened species outside their natural habitat: Seed Banks, Botanical Gardens, Zoos, and Cryopreservation.
  • Drafted under Motilal Nehru, the Nehru Report (1928) demanded Dominion Status, joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities, and 19 Fundamental Rights.
  • Ganga Left-Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda.
19Compare the structural zones of a Biosphere Reserve: Core Zone, Buffer Zone, and Transition Zone.Core Zone: strictly protected ecosystem (National Park/Sanctuary) free from human interference except non-destructive monitoring. Buffer Zone: surrounds the core zone, permitting limited research, environmental education, and ecotourism. Transition Zone: outermost zone where human settlements and sustainable cropping coexist.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Charter Act 1833 ended East India Company's commercial monopoly completely (including China and tea trade), elevated the Governor-General of Bengal (Lord Bentinck) to Governor-General of India, and added…
  • Tamil Nadu: C. Rajagopalachari marched from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam; Malabar: K. Kelappan marched from Calicut to Payyanur; Dharasana Salt Works: Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb & Manilal Gandhi; NWFP:…
  • Core Zone: strictly protected ecosystem (National Park/Sanctuary) free from human interference except non-destructive monitoring. Buffer Zone: surrounds the core zone, permitting limited research, environmental education, and ecotourism. Transition Zone: outermost zone where human settlements and sustainable cropping coexist.
  • 1. Vishnuprayag: Alaknanda + Dhauliganga; 2. Nandaprayag: Alaknanda + Nandakini; 3. Karnaprayag: Alaknanda + Pindar; 4. Rudraprayag: Alaknanda + Mandakini (originating near Kedarnath); 5. Devprayag:…
20How is Nominal GDP converted to Real GDP, and how does the GDP Deflator differ from the Consumer Price Index (CPI)?Nominal GDP uses current market prices, whereas Real GDP uses constant base-year prices (2011–12). GDP Deflator = (Nominal GDP / Real GDP) × 100. Unlike CPI (published monthly by NSO using a fixed consumer basket including imports), the GDP Deflator covers all domestically produced goods and services and excludes imports.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Recommended by the CACP for 22 mandated crops (plus FRP for sugarcane) and approved by the CCEA: A2 covers actual paid-out expenses (seeds, fertilizers, fuel, hired labour); A2+FL adds imputed value of…
  • The 2022 Amendment rationalized the earlier 6 schedules into 4 Schedules: Schedule I (animal species with highest protection, e.g., Tiger, Elephant, Great Indian Bustard); Schedule II (animal species with…
  • 1885 Bombay (W.C. Bonnerjee); 1886 Calcutta (Dadabhai Naoroji); 1887 Madras (Badruddin Tyabji, 1st Muslim); 1888 Allahabad (George Yule, 1st European); 1906 Calcutta (Naoroji, Swaraj); 1907 Surat Split…
  • Nominal GDP uses current market prices, whereas Real GDP uses constant base-year prices (2011–12). GDP Deflator = (Nominal GDP / Real GDP) × 100. Unlike CPI (published monthly by NSO using a fixed consumer basket including imports), the GDP Deflator covers all domestically produced goods and services and excludes imports.
21Differentiate between Tropical Evergreen, Tropical Moist Deciduous, and Montane Shola forests in India.Tropical Evergreen (>200 cm rain, Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar, NE India: rosewood, mahogany, ebony). Tropical Moist Deciduous (100–200 cm rain, most widespread in India: teak, sal, shisham, sandalwood). Sholas are stunted temperate montane forests above 1500 m in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Palani hills with grasslands.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Tropical Evergreen (>200 cm rain, Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar, NE India: rosewood, mahogany, ebony). Tropical Moist Deciduous (100–200 cm rain, most widespread in India: teak, sal, shisham, sandalwood). Sholas are stunted temperate montane forests above 1500 m in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Palani hills with grasslands.
  • Expounded in 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901) and 'England's Debt to India' (1867), Naoroji showed how Britain drained India's surplus via Home Charges, civil/military pensions, guaranteed…
  • Nominal GDP uses current market prices, whereas Real GDP uses constant base-year prices (2011–12).
  • A Positive IOD features warmer sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) relative to the eastern Indian Ocean (Sumatra/Java), enhancing cross-equatorial moisture transport toward…
22What was the chronological sequence of proposals from the August Offer (1940) to the Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)?1. August Offer (Linlithgow, Aug 1940); 2. Individual Satyagraha (Oct 1940—Vinoba Bhave 1st, Nehru 2nd, Brahma Dutt 3rd); 3. Cripps Mission (March 1942); 4. Quit India Movement (Aug 8, 1942); 5. Rajagopalachari Formula (1944); 6. Wavell Plan & Simla Conference (1945); 7. Cabinet Mission (1946); 8. Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947).High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • The Twin Balance Sheet crisis involved over-leveraged corporate borrowers unable to service debt alongside banks burdened with Non-Performing Assets (NPAs).
  • 1. Nilgiri (2000, first); 2. Gulf of Mannar; 3. Sundarbans; 4. Nanda Devi; 5. Nokrek (Meghalaya); 6. Pachmarhi (MP); 7. Simlipal (Odisha); 8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak; 9. Great Nicobar; 10. Agasthyamala…
  • 1. August Offer (Linlithgow, Aug 1940); 2. Individual Satyagraha (Oct 1940—Vinoba Bhave 1st, Nehru 2nd, Brahma Dutt 3rd); 3. Cripps Mission (March 1942); 4. Quit India Movement (Aug 8, 1942); 5. Rajagopalachari Formula (1944); 6. Wavell Plan & Simla Conference (1945); 7. Cabinet Mission (1946); 8. Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947).
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Atmiya Sabha (1815), Brahmo Sabha (1828), Sambad Kaumudi (Bengali), Mirat-ul-Akbar (Persian).
23What was the 'Drain of Wealth' theory formulated by Dadabhai Naoroji and which works and committees did he use to prove it?Expounded in 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901) and 'England's Debt to India' (1867), Naoroji showed how Britain drained India's surplus via Home Charges, civil/military pensions, guaranteed railway interest, and unrequited export surplus without commercial return; he also testified before the Welby Commission (1895).High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Expounded in 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901) and 'England's Debt to India' (1867), Naoroji showed how Britain drained India's surplus via Home Charges, civil/military pensions, guaranteed railway interest, and unrequited export surplus without commercial return; he also testified before the Welby Commission (1895).
  • Tamil Nadu: C. Rajagopalachari marched from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam; Malabar: K. Kelappan marched from Calicut to Payyanur; Dharasana Salt Works: Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb & Manilal Gandhi; NWFP:…
  • Recommended by the CACP for 22 mandated crops (plus FRP for sugarcane) and approved by the CCEA: A2 covers actual paid-out expenses (seeds, fertilizers, fuel, hired labour); A2+FL adds imputed value of…
  • In-situ conservation protects species inside their natural habitats: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, and Sacred Groves (Khasi hills in Meghalaya, Orans in Rajasthan).
24What was the 'Twin Balance Sheet' problem in India's banking sector and how does the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 resolve it?The Twin Balance Sheet crisis involved over-leveraged corporate borrowers unable to service debt alongside banks burdened with Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). The IBC, 2016 created a creditor-in-control, time-bound Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (180 days, extendable to max 330 days) adjudicated by the NCLT and CoC.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • During the June–September SW Monsoon, the Coromandel coast lies in the rain-shadow of the Western Ghats for the Arabian Sea branch and runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch.
  • The Twin Balance Sheet crisis involved over-leveraged corporate borrowers unable to service debt alongside banks burdened with Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). The IBC, 2016 created a creditor-in-control, time-bound Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (180 days, extendable to max 330 days) adjudicated by the NCLT and CoC.
  • Major Iron Ore belts: Odisha-Jharkhand (Mayurbhanj, Singhbhum, Keonjhar), Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur (Bailadila), and Ballari-Chikkamagaluru (Kudremukh).
  • After Gandhi suspended Non-Cooperation post-Chauri Chaura (Feb 1922), C.R.
25Why did a rift emerge between 'Swarajists' (Pro-Changers) and 'No-Changers' in 1922–23, and what did the Swaraj Party achieve?After Gandhi suspended Non-Cooperation post-Chauri Chaura (Feb 1922), C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party (Jan 1923) advocating legislative council entry ('end or mend'), whereas No-Changers (Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Rajagopalachari) did constructive work; Swarajists elected Vithalbhai Patel Central Speaker in 1925.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Nominal GDP uses current market prices, whereas Real GDP uses constant base-year prices (2011–12).
  • After Gandhi suspended Non-Cooperation post-Chauri Chaura (Feb 1922), C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party (Jan 1923) advocating legislative council entry ('end or mend'), whereas No-Changers (Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Rajagopalachari) did constructive work; Swarajists elected Vithalbhai Patel Central Speaker in 1925.
  • Unlike east-flowing peninsular rivers that follow the south-east tilt of the Deccan plateau over soft alluvial plains, the Narmada (between Vindhya and Satpura ranges) and Tapi (south of Satpura) flow…
  • 1. Reach 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030; 2. Meet 50% of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030; 3. Reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes…
26Explain the RBI's Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) corridor: Repo Rate, Standing Deposit Facility (SDF), and Marginal Standing Facility (MSF).The Policy Repo Rate is the anchor rate at which RBI lends short-term liquidity to banks against G-Secs. SDF (the corridor floor, 25 bps below Repo) absorbs excess liquidity from banks without collateral. MSF (the corridor ceiling, 25 bps above Repo) lets scheduled banks borrow overnight by dipping up to 2% into their SLR quota.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Ganga Left-Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda.
  • The Policy Repo Rate is the anchor rate at which RBI lends short-term liquidity to banks against G-Secs. SDF (the corridor floor, 25 bps below Repo) absorbs excess liquidity from banks without collateral. MSF (the corridor ceiling, 25 bps above Repo) lets scheduled banks borrow overnight by dipping up to 2% into their SLR quota.
  • Tiger Reserves are notified by States on the binding recommendation of the statutory National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA under Section 38V WPA 1972) with an inviolate Core/Critical Tiger Habitat…
  • Expounded in 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (1901) and 'England's Debt to India' (1867), Naoroji showed how Britain drained India's surplus via Home Charges, civil/military pensions, guaranteed…
27List the left-bank and right-bank tributaries of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems in India.Ganga Left-Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda. Ganga Right-Bank: Yamuna (tributaries: Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons) and Son. Brahmaputra Right-Bank (Northern): Subansiri, Kameng, Manas, Sankosh, Teesta. Brahmaputra Left-Bank (Southern): Dibang, Lohit, Burhi Dihing, Dhansiri, Kopili.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Ganga Left-Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda. Ganga Right-Bank: Yamuna (tributaries: Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons) and Son. Brahmaputra Right-Bank (Northern): Subansiri, Kameng, Manas, Sankosh, Teesta. Brahmaputra Left-Bank (Southern): Dibang, Lohit, Burhi Dihing, Dhansiri, Kopili.
  • Karewas are thick lacustrine (lake-bed) and fluvio-glacial deposits of clay, sand, silt, and moraines in the Kashmir Valley (between the Pir Panjal range and the Great Himalayas).
  • Tropical Evergreen (>200 cm rain, Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar, NE India: rosewood, mahogany, ebony).
  • Tamil Nadu: C. Rajagopalachari marched from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam; Malabar: K. Kelappan marched from Calicut to Payyanur; Dharasana Salt Works: Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb & Manilal Gandhi; NWFP:…
28Explain how Minimum Support Price (MSP) is calculated in India using the Swaminathan Commission's A2, A2+FL, and C2 cost concepts.Recommended by the CACP for 22 mandated crops (plus FRP for sugarcane) and approved by the CCEA: A2 covers actual paid-out expenses (seeds, fertilizers, fuel, hired labour); A2+FL adds imputed value of unpaid family labour (Union Budget sets MSP ≥ 1.5 × A2+FL); C2 adds imputed rent on owned land and interest on fixed capital.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • A Positive IOD features warmer sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) relative to the eastern Indian Ocean (Sumatra/Java), enhancing cross-equatorial moisture transport toward…
  • Recommended by the CACP for 22 mandated crops (plus FRP for sugarcane) and approved by the CCEA: A2 covers actual paid-out expenses (seeds, fertilizers, fuel, hired labour); A2+FL adds imputed value of unpaid family labour (Union Budget sets MSP ≥ 1.5 × A2+FL); C2 adds imputed rent on owned land and interest on fixed capital.
  • 1. Reach 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030; 2. Meet 50% of installed electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030; 3. Reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes…
  • Drafted under Motilal Nehru, the Nehru Report (1928) demanded Dominion Status, joint electorates with reserved seats for minorities, and 19 Fundamental Rights.
29Match the key centres of the Revolt of 1857 with their Indian leaders and the British commanders who suppressed them.Delhi: Bahadur Shah Zafar & General Bakht Khan (John Nicholson/Hudson); Kanpur: Nana Saheb & Tantia Tope (Sir Colin Campbell); Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal (Colin Campbell); Jhansi & Gwalior: Rani Lakshmibai (Sir Hugh Rose); Bihar (Jagdishpur): Kunwar Singh (William Taylor & Vincent Eyre); Faizabad: Maulvi Ahmadullah.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • Act of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims and appointed the first Indian (S.P.
  • Delhi: Bahadur Shah Zafar & General Bakht Khan (John Nicholson/Hudson); Kanpur: Nana Saheb & Tantia Tope (Sir Colin Campbell); Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal (Colin Campbell); Jhansi & Gwalior: Rani Lakshmibai (Sir Hugh Rose); Bihar (Jagdishpur): Kunwar Singh (William Taylor & Vincent Eyre); Faizabad: Maulvi Ahmadullah.
  • The Policy Repo Rate is the anchor rate at which RBI lends short-term liquidity to banks against G-Secs.
  • Karewas are thick lacustrine (lake-bed) and fluvio-glacial deposits of clay, sand, silt, and moraines in the Kashmir Valley (between the Pir Panjal range and the Great Himalayas).
30Which 12 Indian Biosphere Reserves are currently included in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) under the MAB Programme?1. Nilgiri (2000, first); 2. Gulf of Mannar; 3. Sundarbans; 4. Nanda Devi; 5. Nokrek (Meghalaya); 6. Pachmarhi (MP); 7. Simlipal (Odisha); 8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak; 9. Great Nicobar; 10. Agasthyamala (Kerala/TN); 11. Khangchendzonga (Sikkim); and 12. Panna (MP, added 2020) out of India's 18 total Biosphere Reserves.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • 1. Nilgiri (2000, first); 2. Gulf of Mannar; 3. Sundarbans; 4. Nanda Devi; 5. Nokrek (Meghalaya); 6. Pachmarhi (MP); 7. Simlipal (Odisha); 8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak; 9. Great Nicobar; 10. Agasthyamala (Kerala/TN); 11. Khangchendzonga (Sikkim); and 12. Panna (MP, added 2020) out of India's 18 total Biosphere Reserves.
  • Major Iron Ore belts: Odisha-Jharkhand (Mayurbhanj, Singhbhum, Keonjhar), Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur (Bailadila), and Ballari-Chikkamagaluru (Kudremukh).
  • Act of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims and appointed the first Indian (S.P.
  • The Current Account records merchandise trade (visible goods), services (invisibles: IT exports, shipping, tourism), investment income (interest, dividends), and unilateral transfers (remittances).
31Why do the Narmada and Tapi rivers flow westward into the Arabian Sea forming estuaries instead of deltas?Unlike east-flowing peninsular rivers that follow the south-east tilt of the Deccan plateau over soft alluvial plains, the Narmada (between Vindhya and Satpura ranges) and Tapi (south of Satpura) flow through structural fault/rift valleys in hard crystalline rocks with steep gradients, carrying minimal silt into the Arabian Sea.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • The 2022 Amendment rationalized the earlier 6 schedules into 4 Schedules: Schedule I (animal species with highest protection, e.g., Tiger, Elephant, Great Indian Bustard); Schedule II (animal species with…
  • Charter Act 1833 ended East India Company's commercial monopoly completely (including China and tea trade), elevated the Governor-General of Bengal (Lord Bentinck) to Governor-General of India, and added…
  • 1. August Offer (Linlithgow, Aug 1940); 2. Individual Satyagraha (Oct 1940—Vinoba Bhave 1st, Nehru 2nd, Brahma Dutt 3rd); 3. Cripps Mission (March 1942); 4. Quit India Movement (Aug 8, 1942); 5.…
  • Unlike east-flowing peninsular rivers that follow the south-east tilt of the Deccan plateau over soft alluvial plains, the Narmada (between Vindhya and Satpura ranges) and Tapi (south of Satpura) flow through structural fault/rift valleys in hard crystalline rocks with steep gradients, carrying minimal silt into the Arabian Sea.
32Trace the major revolutionary organizations and conspiracies: HSRA, Kakori Train Action (1925), and Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930).HRA (1924, Bismil, Sanyal, Ashfaqulla) executed the Kakori Train Action (Aug 1925). Reorganized in 1928 as HSRA by Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh & Sukhdev (Saunders assassination Dec 1928; Central Assembly Bomb April 1929). Surya Sen ('Masterda') led the Chittagong Armoury Raid (April 1930) with Pritilata Waddedar & Kalpana Datta.High-yield exam verification (UPSC Modern Indian History, Economy & Geography): distinguish the controlling statutory/doctrinal rule, timeframe, and exception from common test distractors.
  • The Current Account records merchandise trade (visible goods), services (invisibles: IT exports, shipping, tourism), investment income (interest, dividends), and unilateral transfers (remittances).
  • HRA (1924, Bismil, Sanyal, Ashfaqulla) executed the Kakori Train Action (Aug 1925). Reorganized in 1928 as HSRA by Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh & Sukhdev (Saunders assassination Dec 1928; Central Assembly Bomb April 1929). Surya Sen ('Masterda') led the Chittagong Armoury Raid (April 1930) with Pritilata Waddedar & Kalpana Datta.
  • Karewas are thick lacustrine (lake-bed) and fluvio-glacial deposits of clay, sand, silt, and moraines in the Kashmir Valley (between the Pir Panjal range and the Great Himalayas).
  • Charter Act 1833 ended East India Company's commercial monopoly completely (including China and tea trade), elevated the Governor-General of Bengal (Lord Bentinck) to Governor-General of India, and added…