What do the suffixes '-spasm', '-clonus', '-kinesia (-kinesis)', and '-taxia' mean?

'-spasm' = sudden involuntary muscular contraction (bronchospasm, laryngospasm, vasospasm); '-clonus' = rapid alternating contraction and relaxation of muscle (myoclonus); '-kinesia' = movement or motion (bradykinesia, dyskinesia, akinesia); '-taxia' = muscular coordination or order (ataxia = loss of coordination).

How do the neoplastic terms 'Benign' vs. 'Malignant' and 'Carcinoma' vs. 'Sarcoma' differ in pathology?

'Benign' tumors (often root + '-oma', e.g., adenoma, leiomyoma, lipoma) are well-differentiated and do not metastasize; 'Malignant' tumors invade locally and metastasize: 'Carcinomas' (e.g., adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma) arise from epithelial tissues (ectoderm/endoderm), whereas 'Sarcomas' (e.g., osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma) arise from mesenchymal/connective tissues (mesoderm).

What do the suffixes '-ptosis', '-ptysis', '-ptychia', and '-ectopy' mean?

'-ptosis' = downward prolapse, drooping, or falling of an organ or eyelid (blepharoptosis, nephroptosis); '-ptysis' = spitting up (hemoptysis = coughing/spitting up blood from the lower respiratory tract); '-ptychia' = surgical folding or plication of a tissue wall; '-ectopy' = displacement from the normal anatomical position (ectopic pregnancy, ventricular ectopy).

Distinguish the three diagnostic imaging/recording suffixes: '-graph', '-gram', and '-graphy'.

'-graph' = the instrument used to record data (electrocardiograph); '-gram' = the resulting actual record, image, or tracing produced (electrocardiogram, mammogram, angiogram); '-graphy' = the process or procedure of recording (electrocardiography, angiography).

What do the urinary suffixes '-uria', '-uresis', and '-continence' signify?

'-uria' = condition of the urine or urination (hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, dysuria, nocturia, anuria); '-uresis' = excretion or passage of urine (diuresis, natriuresis = urinary sodium excretion, enuresis = involuntary bedwetting); '-continence' = ability to retain urine/feces voluntarily.

What do the surgical and procedural suffixes '-centesis', '-clasis (-clast)', '-tripsy', and '-lysis' mean?

'-centesis' = surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (paracentesis, thoracentesis, amniocentesis); '-clasis' = intentional surgical refracturing of a bone to correct deformity (osteoclasis); '-tripsy' = surgical crushing (lithotripsy = crushing kidney/gallbladder stones); '-lysis' = destruction, dissolution, or freeing of adhesions (thrombolysis, neurolysis).

Distinguish between the suffixes '-emesis', '-pepsia', '-phagia', and '-orexia'.

'-emesis' = vomiting (hematemesis = vomiting blood, hyperemesis gravidarum); '-pepsia' = digestion (dyspepsia = indigestion); '-phagia' = eating or swallowing (dysphagia = difficulty swallowing, odynophagia = painful swallowing, polyphagia); '-orexia' = appetite (anorexia = loss of appetite).

Distinguish between the pain suffixes '-algia' and '-dynia', and give clinical examples of each.

Both mean pain or suffering and are often used interchangeably: '-algia' is derived from Greek algos (arthralgia = joint pain, myalgia = muscle pain, neuralgia = nerve pain); '-dynia' is derived from Greek odyne (allodynia, vulvodynia, pleurodynia, mastodynia).

Distinguish the two measurement suffixes '-meter' and '-metry', and give clinical examples.

'-meter' = the instrument used to measure (spirometer, sphygmomanometer, pelvimeter); '-metry' = the process of measuring (spirometry, pulse oximetry, audiometry).

Distinguish between the suffixes '-cele', '-oma', '-oncus', and '-cyst'.

'-cele' = hernia, protrusion, or swelling through a wall defect (meningocele, hydrocele, varicocele, rectocele); '-oma' = tumor, neoplasm, or localized collection/mass (carcinoma, sarcoma, hematoma, granuloma); '-oncus' = tumor/mass (oncology); '-cyst' = closed fluid-filled sac.

What do the sensory and perceptual suffixes '-esthesia', '-algesia', '-osmia', and '-geusia' mean?

'-esthesia' = sensation, feeling, or perception (paresthesia = pins-and-needles, anesthesia = loss of sensation, dysesthesia); '-algesia' = sensitivity to pain (analgesia = absence of pain, hyperalgesia = heightened pain sensitivity); '-osmia' = sense of smell (anosmia, parosmia); '-geusia' = sense of taste (ageusia, dysgeusia).

Distinguish between the cellular suffixes '-blast', '-cyte', and '-clast'.

'-blast' = immature, precursor, or matrix-forming cell (erythroblast, osteoblast, fibroblast); '-cyte' = mature differentiated cell (erythrocyte, osteocyte, hepatocyte); '-clast' = cell that breaks down or resorbs tissue/matrix (osteoclast).

Distinguish between the reconstructive and reparative surgical suffixes: '-plasty', '-pexy', '-rrhaphy', and '-desis'.

'-plasty' = surgical repair or plastic reconstruction (rhinoplasty, angioplasty); '-pexy' = surgical fixation or suspension in place (orchiopexy for undescended testis, nephropexy); '-rrhaphy' = surgical suturing or wiring (herniorrhaphy, neurorrhaphy); '-desis' = surgical binding, fusion, or stabilization (arthrodesis = joint fusion, pleurodesis).

Distinguish the four 'double-R' pathological suffixes: '-rrhea', '-rrhage (-rrhagia)', '-rrhexis', and '-rrhaphy'.

'-rrhea' = flow or profuse discharge of fluid/mucus (diarrhea, rhinorrhea, amenorrhea); '-rrhage / -rrhagia' = excessive or abnormal bursting forth of blood (hemorrhage, menorrhagia); '-rrhexis' = rupture of an organ, vessel, or tissue (hysterorrhexis = uterine rupture, karyorrhexis); '-rrhaphy' = surgical suturing.

Which common adjectival suffixes mean 'pertaining to' in medical terminology?

'-ac' (cardiac), '-al' (renal, neural), '-ar' (muscular, vascular), '-ary' (pulmonary, biliary), '-ic' (gastric, hepatic), '-ine' (uterine, pelvine), '-ior' (anterior, superior), '-ory' (auditory, respiratory), and '-ous' (venous, mucous).

Distinguish the three fundamental surgical suffixes: '-ectomy', '-otomy (-tomy)', and '-ostomy (-stomy)'.

'-ectomy' means surgical excision or removal of a structure (e.g., cholecystectomy); '-otomy' means surgical incision or cutting into a structure (e.g., craniotomy, tracheotomy); '-ostomy' means surgical creation of an artificial opening or stoma to the body surface or between two hollow organs (e.g., colostomy, gastrojejunostomy).

What are the classic Greek and Latin plural rules for medical nouns ending in '-a', '-is', '-um', '-us', '-ix/-ex', '-on', '-ma', and '-nx'?

'-a' -> '-ae' (vertebra -> vertebrae); '-is' -> '-es' (diagnosis -> diagnoses, testis -> testes); '-um' -> '-a' (diverticulum -> diverticula, bacterium -> bacteria); '-us' -> '-i' (bronchus -> bronchi, calculus -> calculi); '-ix/-ex' -> '-ices' (appendix -> appendices, cortex -> cortices); '-on' -> '-a' (ganglion -> ganglia); '-ma' -> '-mata' (carcinoma -> carcinomata/carcinomas); '-nx' -> '-nges' (phalanx -> phalanges, larynx -> larynges).

What four notable exceptions end in '-oma' (without 'sarcoma' or 'carcinoma' in the name) yet are malignant neoplasms?

Melanoma (malignant tumor of melanocytes), Lymphoma (malignant lymphoid neoplasm), Multiple Myeloma (malignant plasma cell neoplasm), and Seminoma / Dysgerminoma / Hepatoblastoma / Glioblastoma / Mesothelioma.

What do the suffixes '-lith', '-lithiasis', '-poietin', and '-crine' mean?

'-lith' = stone or calculus (fecalith, phlebolith); '-lithiasis' = abnormal presence or formation of stones (nephrolithiasis, choledocholithiasis); '-poietin' = substance that stimulates formation (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin); '-crine' = to secrete (endocrine = secreting internally into blood, exocrine = secreting via ducts, paracrine).

Distinguish between the pathological suffixes '-itis', '-osis', '-pathy', and '-ia (-iasis)'.

'-itis' = inflammation or infection (appendicitis, meningitis); '-osis' = abnormal condition, degeneration, or increase in cells (nephrosis, osteoarthritis/arthrosis, leukocytosis); '-pathy' = disease or disorder of an organ/tissue (neuropathy, cardiomyopathy); '-iasis' = abnormal condition caused by a specific agent such as stones or parasites (cholelithiasis, filariasis).

What do the ophthalmic suffixes '-opia (-opsia)' and '-coria' mean?

'-opia' or '-opsia' = vision or visual condition (diplopia = double vision, presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia, hemianopsia); '-coria' = condition of the pupil (anisocoria = unequal pupil sizes, isocoria, leukocoria = white pupillary reflex).

Contrast the tissue-consistency suffixes '-malacia' and '-sclerosis', and give two clinical examples of each.

'-malacia' = abnormal softening of tissue (osteomalacia = softening of bone; chondromalacia = softening of cartilage; tracheomalacia); '-sclerosis' = abnormal hardening or fibrotic induration of tissue (atherosclerosis = hardening of arteries; multiple sclerosis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).

Distinguish between the respiratory and speech suffixes '-pnea', '-capnia', '-oxia', and '-phasia (-phonia)'.

'-pnea' = breathing (dyspnea, orthopnea, apnea); '-capnia' = carbon dioxide tension in blood (hypercapnia, hypocapnia); '-oxia' = oxygen level in tissues (hypoxia vs. hypoxemia in blood); '-phasia' = language comprehension/expression (aphasia, dysphasia) whereas '-phonia' = voice production by the larynx (dysphonia = hoarseness, aphonia).

What do the pathological suffixes '-megaly', '-trophy', '-plasia', and '-plakia' signify?

'-megaly' = abnormal enlargement of an organ (hepatosplenomegaly, cardiomegaly, acromegaly); '-trophy' = nourishment, growth, or development in cell size (hypertrophy = increase in cell size; atrophy = wasting); '-plasia' = formation or development in cell number (hyperplasia, dysplasia, aplasia); '-plakia' = flat patch or plaque on a mucosal surface (leukoplakia).

Distinguish between the neurological motor suffixes '-plegia' and '-paresis'.

'-plegia' = complete paralysis or total loss of motor function (hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia/tetraplegia, ophthalmoplegia); '-paresis' = partial or incomplete paralysis / muscular weakness (hemiparesis, gastroparesis = delayed gastric emptying).

Distinguish between the noun 'mucus' and the adjective 'mucous', and between 'ilium' and 'ileum'.

'Mucus' (noun, ends in -us) is the viscid secretion itself, whereas 'mucous' (adjective, ends in -ous) means pertaining to or secreting mucus (e.g., mucous membrane secretes mucus); 'Ilium' (with an 'i') is the superior flaring portion of the hip/pelvic bone, whereas 'Ileum' (with an 'e') is the distal third portion of the small intestine.

Distinguish the two endoscopic suffixes '-scope' and '-scopy', and give three clinical examples.

'-scope' = the lighted optical instrument used for visual examination (bronchoscope, laparoscope, cystoscope); '-scopy' = the diagnostic procedure of visually examining an internal cavity or organ (bronchoscopy, laparoscopy, cystoscopy).

Contrast the hematologic/cellular suffixes '-penia' and '-cytosis (-philia)'.

'-penia' = deficiency or abnormal decrease in cell numbers or tissue mass (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, osteopenia); '-cytosis' or '-philia' = abnormal increase or proliferation in cell numbers (leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, eosinophilia, neutrophilia).

Distinguish between the generative/origin suffixes '-genesis', '-genic', '-poiesis', and '-oid'.

'-genesis' = production, origin, or development (pathogenesis, gluconeogenesis, carcinogenesis); '-genic' = producing, originating in, or caused by (iatrogenic = caused by medical treatment, cardiogenic, neurogenic); '-poiesis' = formation, especially of blood cells (hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis); '-oid' = resembling or like (mucoid, lipoid, rheumatoid).

Distinguish between the blood-condition suffixes '-emia' and '-ischemia'.

'-emia' = condition of the blood or presence of a substance in the bloodstream (hypoxemia, bacteremia, uremia, hyperkalemia, leukemia); 'ischemia' (isch/o = to hold back + -emia) = deficiency of arterial blood supply to an organ or tissue due to obstruction or vasoconstriction (myocardial ischemia).

What do the suffixes '-phil (-philia)', '-phobia', '-mania', and '-thymia' mean?

'-phil / -philia' = attraction for, affinity for, or abnormal tendency (eosinophil, hemophilia, thrombophilia); '-phobia' = abnormal fear or intolerance (photophobia = light sensitivity, hydrophobia, agoraphobia); '-mania' = excessive preoccupation or elevated mood state (kleptomania, hypomania); '-thymia' = state of mind or mood (dysthymia, euthymia, cyclothymia).

Contrast the lumen-caliber suffixes '-stenosis' (or '-arctation') and '-ectasis (-ectasia)'.

'-stenosis' = abnormal narrowing or stricture of a duct, canal, or valve (pyloric stenosis, aortic stenosis, spinal stenosis); '-ectasis / -ectasia' = abnormal dilation, distension, or expansion of a hollow structure (bronchiectasis = permanent dilation of bronchi; telangiectasia; atelectasis = incomplete lung expansion/collapse).

Diagnostic, Pathological & Surgical Suffixes (-ectomy, -otomy, -ostomy, -plasty, -itis, -osis)

32 review cards on surgical excision, incision, stoma, and reconstructive suffixes, diagnostic recording and endoscopy suffixes, pathological and neoplastic suffixes, hematologic and neurological suffixes, adjectival endings, and classical Greek/Latin plural formation rules.

Level: basic
Languages: en → en
Cards: 32
Markdown: Diagnostic, Pathological & Surgical Suffixes (-ectomy, -otomy, -ostomy, -plasty, -itis, -osis) (.md)

Flashcards (32)

#	Front (Term / Question)	Back (Definition / Answer)
1	What do the suffixes '-spasm', '-clonus', '-kinesia (-kinesis)', and '-taxia' mean?	'-spasm' = sudden involuntary muscular contraction (bronchospasm, laryngospasm, vasospasm); '-clonus' = rapid alternating contraction and relaxation of muscle (myoclonus); '-kinesia' = movement or motion (bradykinesia, dyskinesia, akinesia); '-taxia' = muscular coordination or order (ataxia = loss of coordination).
2	How do the neoplastic terms 'Benign' vs. 'Malignant' and 'Carcinoma' vs. 'Sarcoma' differ in pathology?	'Benign' tumors (often root + '-oma', e.g., adenoma, leiomyoma, lipoma) are well-differentiated and do not metastasize; 'Malignant' tumors invade locally and metastasize: 'Carcinomas' (e.g., adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma) arise from epithelial tissues (ectoderm/endoderm), whereas 'Sarcomas' (e.g., osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma) arise from mesenchymal/connective tissues (mesoderm).
3	What do the suffixes '-ptosis', '-ptysis', '-ptychia', and '-ectopy' mean?	'-ptosis' = downward prolapse, drooping, or falling of an organ or eyelid (blepharoptosis, nephroptosis); '-ptysis' = spitting up (hemoptysis = coughing/spitting up blood from the lower respiratory tract); '-ptychia' = surgical folding or plication of a tissue wall; '-ectopy' = displacement from the normal anatomical position (ectopic pregnancy, ventricular ectopy).
4	Distinguish the three diagnostic imaging/recording suffixes: '-graph', '-gram', and '-graphy'.	'-graph' = the instrument used to record data (electrocardiograph); '-gram' = the resulting actual record, image, or tracing produced (electrocardiogram, mammogram, angiogram); '-graphy' = the process or procedure of recording (electrocardiography, angiography).
5	What do the urinary suffixes '-uria', '-uresis', and '-continence' signify?	'-uria' = condition of the urine or urination (hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, dysuria, nocturia, anuria); '-uresis' = excretion or passage of urine (diuresis, natriuresis = urinary sodium excretion, enuresis = involuntary bedwetting); '-continence' = ability to retain urine/feces voluntarily.
6	What do the surgical and procedural suffixes '-centesis', '-clasis (-clast)', '-tripsy', and '-lysis' mean?	'-centesis' = surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (paracentesis, thoracentesis, amniocentesis); '-clasis' = intentional surgical refracturing of a bone to correct deformity (osteoclasis); '-tripsy' = surgical crushing (lithotripsy = crushing kidney/gallbladder stones); '-lysis' = destruction, dissolution, or freeing of adhesions (thrombolysis, neurolysis).
7	Distinguish between the suffixes '-emesis', '-pepsia', '-phagia', and '-orexia'.	'-emesis' = vomiting (hematemesis = vomiting blood, hyperemesis gravidarum); '-pepsia' = digestion (dyspepsia = indigestion); '-phagia' = eating or swallowing (dysphagia = difficulty swallowing, odynophagia = painful swallowing, polyphagia); '-orexia' = appetite (anorexia = loss of appetite).
8	Distinguish between the pain suffixes '-algia' and '-dynia', and give clinical examples of each.	Both mean pain or suffering and are often used interchangeably: '-algia' is derived from Greek algos (arthralgia = joint pain, myalgia = muscle pain, neuralgia = nerve pain); '-dynia' is derived from Greek odyne (allodynia, vulvodynia, pleurodynia, mastodynia).
9	Distinguish the two measurement suffixes '-meter' and '-metry', and give clinical examples.	'-meter' = the instrument used to measure (spirometer, sphygmomanometer, pelvimeter); '-metry' = the process of measuring (spirometry, pulse oximetry, audiometry).
10	Distinguish between the suffixes '-cele', '-oma', '-oncus', and '-cyst'.	'-cele' = hernia, protrusion, or swelling through a wall defect (meningocele, hydrocele, varicocele, rectocele); '-oma' = tumor, neoplasm, or localized collection/mass (carcinoma, sarcoma, hematoma, granuloma); '-oncus' = tumor/mass (oncology); '-cyst' = closed fluid-filled sac.
11	What do the sensory and perceptual suffixes '-esthesia', '-algesia', '-osmia', and '-geusia' mean?	'-esthesia' = sensation, feeling, or perception (paresthesia = pins-and-needles, anesthesia = loss of sensation, dysesthesia); '-algesia' = sensitivity to pain (analgesia = absence of pain, hyperalgesia = heightened pain sensitivity); '-osmia' = sense of smell (anosmia, parosmia); '-geusia' = sense of taste (ageusia, dysgeusia).
12	Distinguish between the cellular suffixes '-blast', '-cyte', and '-clast'.	'-blast' = immature, precursor, or matrix-forming cell (erythroblast, osteoblast, fibroblast); '-cyte' = mature differentiated cell (erythrocyte, osteocyte, hepatocyte); '-clast' = cell that breaks down or resorbs tissue/matrix (osteoclast).
13	Distinguish between the reconstructive and reparative surgical suffixes: '-plasty', '-pexy', '-rrhaphy', and '-desis'.	'-plasty' = surgical repair or plastic reconstruction (rhinoplasty, angioplasty); '-pexy' = surgical fixation or suspension in place (orchiopexy for undescended testis, nephropexy); '-rrhaphy' = surgical suturing or wiring (herniorrhaphy, neurorrhaphy); '-desis' = surgical binding, fusion, or stabilization (arthrodesis = joint fusion, pleurodesis).
14	Distinguish the four 'double-R' pathological suffixes: '-rrhea', '-rrhage (-rrhagia)', '-rrhexis', and '-rrhaphy'.	'-rrhea' = flow or profuse discharge of fluid/mucus (diarrhea, rhinorrhea, amenorrhea); '-rrhage / -rrhagia' = excessive or abnormal bursting forth of blood (hemorrhage, menorrhagia); '-rrhexis' = rupture of an organ, vessel, or tissue (hysterorrhexis = uterine rupture, karyorrhexis); '-rrhaphy' = surgical suturing.
15	Which common adjectival suffixes mean 'pertaining to' in medical terminology?	'-ac' (cardiac), '-al' (renal, neural), '-ar' (muscular, vascular), '-ary' (pulmonary, biliary), '-ic' (gastric, hepatic), '-ine' (uterine, pelvine), '-ior' (anterior, superior), '-ory' (auditory, respiratory), and '-ous' (venous, mucous).
16	Distinguish the three fundamental surgical suffixes: '-ectomy', '-otomy (-tomy)', and '-ostomy (-stomy)'.	'-ectomy' means surgical excision or removal of a structure (e.g., cholecystectomy); '-otomy' means surgical incision or cutting into a structure (e.g., craniotomy, tracheotomy); '-ostomy' means surgical creation of an artificial opening or stoma to the body surface or between two hollow organs (e.g., colostomy, gastrojejunostomy).
17	What are the classic Greek and Latin plural rules for medical nouns ending in '-a', '-is', '-um', '-us', '-ix/-ex', '-on', '-ma', and '-nx'?	'-a' -> '-ae' (vertebra -> vertebrae); '-is' -> '-es' (diagnosis -> diagnoses, testis -> testes); '-um' -> '-a' (diverticulum -> diverticula, bacterium -> bacteria); '-us' -> '-i' (bronchus -> bronchi, calculus -> calculi); '-ix/-ex' -> '-ices' (appendix -> appendices, cortex -> cortices); '-on' -> '-a' (ganglion -> ganglia); '-ma' -> '-mata' (carcinoma -> carcinomata/carcinomas); '-nx' -> '-nges' (phalanx -> phalanges, larynx -> larynges).
18	What four notable exceptions end in '-oma' (without 'sarcoma' or 'carcinoma' in the name) yet are malignant neoplasms?	Melanoma (malignant tumor of melanocytes), Lymphoma (malignant lymphoid neoplasm), Multiple Myeloma (malignant plasma cell neoplasm), and Seminoma / Dysgerminoma / Hepatoblastoma / Glioblastoma / Mesothelioma.
19	What do the suffixes '-lith', '-lithiasis', '-poietin', and '-crine' mean?	'-lith' = stone or calculus (fecalith, phlebolith); '-lithiasis' = abnormal presence or formation of stones (nephrolithiasis, choledocholithiasis); '-poietin' = substance that stimulates formation (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin); '-crine' = to secrete (endocrine = secreting internally into blood, exocrine = secreting via ducts, paracrine).
20	Distinguish between the pathological suffixes '-itis', '-osis', '-pathy', and '-ia (-iasis)'.	'-itis' = inflammation or infection (appendicitis, meningitis); '-osis' = abnormal condition, degeneration, or increase in cells (nephrosis, osteoarthritis/arthrosis, leukocytosis); '-pathy' = disease or disorder of an organ/tissue (neuropathy, cardiomyopathy); '-iasis' = abnormal condition caused by a specific agent such as stones or parasites (cholelithiasis, filariasis).
21	What do the ophthalmic suffixes '-opia (-opsia)' and '-coria' mean?	'-opia' or '-opsia' = vision or visual condition (diplopia = double vision, presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia, hemianopsia); '-coria' = condition of the pupil (anisocoria = unequal pupil sizes, isocoria, leukocoria = white pupillary reflex).
22	Contrast the tissue-consistency suffixes '-malacia' and '-sclerosis', and give two clinical examples of each.	'-malacia' = abnormal softening of tissue (osteomalacia = softening of bone; chondromalacia = softening of cartilage; tracheomalacia); '-sclerosis' = abnormal hardening or fibrotic induration of tissue (atherosclerosis = hardening of arteries; multiple sclerosis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
23	Distinguish between the respiratory and speech suffixes '-pnea', '-capnia', '-oxia', and '-phasia (-phonia)'.	'-pnea' = breathing (dyspnea, orthopnea, apnea); '-capnia' = carbon dioxide tension in blood (hypercapnia, hypocapnia); '-oxia' = oxygen level in tissues (hypoxia vs. hypoxemia in blood); '-phasia' = language comprehension/expression (aphasia, dysphasia) whereas '-phonia' = voice production by the larynx (dysphonia = hoarseness, aphonia).
24	What do the pathological suffixes '-megaly', '-trophy', '-plasia', and '-plakia' signify?	'-megaly' = abnormal enlargement of an organ (hepatosplenomegaly, cardiomegaly, acromegaly); '-trophy' = nourishment, growth, or development in cell size (hypertrophy = increase in cell size; atrophy = wasting); '-plasia' = formation or development in cell number (hyperplasia, dysplasia, aplasia); '-plakia' = flat patch or plaque on a mucosal surface (leukoplakia).
25	Distinguish between the neurological motor suffixes '-plegia' and '-paresis'.	'-plegia' = complete paralysis or total loss of motor function (hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia/tetraplegia, ophthalmoplegia); '-paresis' = partial or incomplete paralysis / muscular weakness (hemiparesis, gastroparesis = delayed gastric emptying).
26	Distinguish between the noun 'mucus' and the adjective 'mucous', and between 'ilium' and 'ileum'.	'Mucus' (noun, ends in -us) is the viscid secretion itself, whereas 'mucous' (adjective, ends in -ous) means pertaining to or secreting mucus (e.g., mucous membrane secretes mucus); 'Ilium' (with an 'i') is the superior flaring portion of the hip/pelvic bone, whereas 'Ileum' (with an 'e') is the distal third portion of the small intestine.
27	Distinguish the two endoscopic suffixes '-scope' and '-scopy', and give three clinical examples.	'-scope' = the lighted optical instrument used for visual examination (bronchoscope, laparoscope, cystoscope); '-scopy' = the diagnostic procedure of visually examining an internal cavity or organ (bronchoscopy, laparoscopy, cystoscopy).
28	Contrast the hematologic/cellular suffixes '-penia' and '-cytosis (-philia)'.	'-penia' = deficiency or abnormal decrease in cell numbers or tissue mass (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, osteopenia); '-cytosis' or '-philia' = abnormal increase or proliferation in cell numbers (leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, eosinophilia, neutrophilia).
29	Distinguish between the generative/origin suffixes '-genesis', '-genic', '-poiesis', and '-oid'.	'-genesis' = production, origin, or development (pathogenesis, gluconeogenesis, carcinogenesis); '-genic' = producing, originating in, or caused by (iatrogenic = caused by medical treatment, cardiogenic, neurogenic); '-poiesis' = formation, especially of blood cells (hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis); '-oid' = resembling or like (mucoid, lipoid, rheumatoid).
30	Distinguish between the blood-condition suffixes '-emia' and '-ischemia'.	'-emia' = condition of the blood or presence of a substance in the bloodstream (hypoxemia, bacteremia, uremia, hyperkalemia, leukemia); 'ischemia' (isch/o = to hold back + -emia) = deficiency of arterial blood supply to an organ or tissue due to obstruction or vasoconstriction (myocardial ischemia).
31	What do the suffixes '-phil (-philia)', '-phobia', '-mania', and '-thymia' mean?	'-phil / -philia' = attraction for, affinity for, or abnormal tendency (eosinophil, hemophilia, thrombophilia); '-phobia' = abnormal fear or intolerance (photophobia = light sensitivity, hydrophobia, agoraphobia); '-mania' = excessive preoccupation or elevated mood state (kleptomania, hypomania); '-thymia' = state of mind or mood (dysthymia, euthymia, cyclothymia).
32	Contrast the lumen-caliber suffixes '-stenosis' (or '-arctation') and '-ectasis (-ectasia)'.	'-stenosis' = abnormal narrowing or stricture of a duct, canal, or valve (pyloric stenosis, aortic stenosis, spinal stenosis); '-ectasis / -ectasia' = abnormal dilation, distension, or expansion of a hollow structure (bronchiectasis = permanent dilation of bronchi; telangiectasia; atelectasis = incomplete lung expansion/collapse).