# Anatomy, Physiology & Basic Pharmacology: Introductory Concepts > 32 introductory cards on anatomical terms, tissues, selected organ functions and basic drug concepts. Supports course study; not complete NCLEX or USMLE preparation. - **Canonical URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/32fe5094-21f6-4101-acee-41bc2bf3d68a/ - **Markdown URL:** https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/32fe5094-21f6-4101-acee-41bc2bf3d68a.md - **Level:** basic - **Languages:** en → en - **Total Cards:** 32 ## Flashcards (32 Cards) | # | Front (Term / Prompt) | Back (Definition / Answer) | Example | Multiple-Choice Options | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 1 | How do sagittal, frontal and transverse planes divide the body? | Sagittal: right and left portions. Frontal: front and back portions. Transverse: upper and lower portions. A midsagittal plane passes through the midline. | | | | 2 | How do pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differ? | Pharmacokinetics describes drug movement and concentrations over time; pharmacodynamics describes drug effects and mechanisms. | | | | 3 | How does negative feedback support homeostasis? | It opposes a deviation in a regulated condition, helping maintain a workable range rather than one permanently fixed value. | | | | 4 | How do renal filtration, reabsorption and secretion differ? | Glomerular filtration moves water and small solutes into the nephron; reabsorption returns substances from tubular fluid to blood; secretion adds selected substances to tubular fluid. | | | | 5 | What drives gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary barrier? | Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse down their respective partial-pressure gradients. Air movement into the lungs is a separate process. | | | | 6 | What is elimination half-life in a simple first-order model? | The time for drug concentration to fall by half during elimination. It does not alone determine the duration of action or a dosing interval. | | | | 7 | What are the three muscle tissue types? | Skeletal muscle is associated mainly with the skeleton; cardiac muscle forms the heart's muscular wall; smooth muscle occurs in many hollow organs and blood vessels. | | | | 8 | Does completing an introductory set establish exam or clinical readiness? | No. Combine foundational review with course work, application practice and supervised clinical training; use the current official resources for the particular exam, such as NCLEX or USMLE. | | | | 9 | How do potency and maximal efficacy differ? | Potency concerns the dose or concentration needed for a specified effect; maximal efficacy is the greatest response in the defined system. Compare the same endpoint and conditions. | | | | 10 | What happens when a skeletal-muscle sarcomere shortens? | Actin and myosin filaments slide relative to one another, increasing their overlap; the filaments themselves do not shorten. | | | | 11 | How does skin help maintain the internal environment? | It limits water loss, provides a protective barrier and contributes to temperature regulation through processes such as sweating and changes in skin blood flow. | | | | 12 | What are major lymphatic-system functions? | Return excess interstitial fluid to blood, transport absorbed dietary fats and support immune responses. Lymph nodes filter lymph. | | | | 13 | What roles do the testes and ovaries share? | They support gamete development and secrete hormones; the processes of gamete development differ between these organs. | | | | 14 | What roles do bone and red bone marrow have? | Bone supports and protects the body and stores minerals; red bone marrow produces blood cells. Not all adult marrow is red marrow. | | | | 15 | How do endocrine and exocrine secretions reach their destinations? | Endocrine secretions enter interstitial fluid and circulation; exocrine secretions reach an epithelial surface or lumen, often through ducts. | | | | 16 | How is most oxygen carried in the blood? | Most is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells; a smaller amount is dissolved in plasma. | | | | 17 | How do a receptor agonist and antagonist differ? | An agonist activates a receptor response; an antagonist blocks or reduces agonist-mediated activation without producing that agonist response. | | | | 18 | What structures form the central and peripheral nervous systems? | The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. Peripheral nerves and ganglia are part of the peripheral nervous system. | | | | 19 | What does systemic bioavailability F represent? | The fraction of an administered dose reaching systemic circulation unchanged. Intravenous delivery is the absolute reference, with F=1, and bypasses absorption. | | | | 20 | What characterizes epithelial tissue? | Closely arranged cells form coverings, linings and glands; their functions include protection, absorption or secretion, depending on the location. | | | | 21 | How are arteries and veins defined? | Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry it toward the heart. Direction, rather than oxygen content, defines these categories. | | | | 22 | How do neurons and glia contribute to nervous tissue? | Neurons receive and communicate signals; glia support and regulate the neural environment and activity, rather than merely filling space. | | | | 23 | How do the liver and gallbladder handle bile? | The liver produces bile; the gallbladder stores, concentrates and releases it into the small intestine. | | | | 24 | What does ADME stand for in pharmacokinetics? | Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Metabolism can produce active or toxic metabolites, so it does not always inactivate a drug. | | | | 25 | How are pulmonary and systemic circulation connected after birth? | Normally, the right heart pumps blood to the lungs, which return it to the left heart; the left heart pumps it through the body, which returns it to the right heart. | | | | 26 | How do digestion and absorption differ? | Digestion breaks food down; absorption transfers substances across the digestive-tract lining. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. | | | | 27 | How do anatomy and physiology differ? | Anatomy studies body structure; physiology studies how structures function. Histology examines tissues microscopically. | | | | 28 | What are the four primary tissue types? | Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. An organ usually contains several tissue types working together. | | | | 29 | What characterizes connective tissue? | Cells within an extracellular matrix perform varied support, transport and storage roles. Bone, cartilage, fat and blood are examples. | | | | 30 | What do medial and lateral mean? | Medial means nearer the body's midline; lateral means farther from it. These terms compare the positions of structures. | | | | 31 | What should you check before using a medicine fact from a study card? | Check the drug, formulation, route and context against current approved information in your jurisdiction and authoritative course sources. A generic card is not a dosing instruction. | | | | 32 | What is the reference anatomical position? | The body is upright and faces forward, with arms at the sides and palms forward. Right and left refer to the person's body, not the viewer. | | | --- Study this deck interactively with FSRS-6 spaced repetition, audio review, and multiple-choice mode at [Flashcards World](https://flashcards.world/flashcards/sets/32fe5094-21f6-4101-acee-41bc2bf3d68a/).